Revisiting The Bund in Shanghai with Harry and Selma.

Story and Photos by John Sundsmo.

Shanghai was where my Great Uncle Harry died and my Great Aunt Selma was imprisoned during World War-II. A Yangtze cruise offered my wife and I the opportunity to revisit their incredible lives. They lived on The Bund in Shanghai from 1928-45, through the roaring twenties into extravagant thirties and  then the 1937 Japanese invasion of World War-II. Harry didn’t survive the war, but Selma did. She lived in Laguna Beach, California to age 95 and shared her life and letters with my Aunt Connie who authored a family biography entitled “Selma’s Saga.”

My wife and I started our quest in Harry and Selma’s old neighborhood- The Bund, Shanghai. Thanks to renovations, The Bund of the ’30s lives on today as a grand symbol of historic cultural ignorance and mercantile invasion by the British, French, Americans and Japanese. As NPR correspondent Rob Gifford observed in his 2007 book “China Road“, Chinese tourists on The Bund boardwalk want to have their pictures taken against the impressive modern skyline lying across the Yangtze River as they embrace China’s future. In contrast, Europeans favor photos with the historic buildings in the background, i.e., embracing the past. With nostalgia, wanting to revisit the lives of Harry and Selma, we initially fell into the latter trap.

The Settlement: The grand Shanghai of the 1900s, known to Harry and Selma as “The Settlement”, was located on the Yangtze (Huangpu) waterfront embankment, i.e., known at that time and now as The Bund. In the 1930s it was the financial hub and economic powerhouse of the “Orient”. The Bund had the largest bank in the British empire, HSBC (Hong Kong Shanghai Bank Corp.; #12 The Bund); also, the Mercantile Bank of India, London and China (#4), St. Petersburg Russo-Asiatic Bank (#15), Yokohama Specie Bank (#24), French Banque de l’Indochine (#29), Bank of China (#23); and, the Customs House (#13). In the ’30s, only a short walk along The Bund was needed to reach shipping companies, insurers, grand hotels, elaborate restaurants and the British, Japanese and Russian consulates. The HSBC building at #12 also housed the Asian office of the American Bank Note Company where Harry was Vice President. His company designed, engraved, printed and shipped currencies to most of the banks and governments in Southeast Asia.

 

China in 1928-29: When Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) established military control over all China in 1928 his new capital was Nanking (aka Nanjing), just up the Yangtze River from Shanghai. China was in financial ruin with massive foreign debt (at the time more than $1.5Bn US); half in arrears; and one third unpaid interest. The debt negotiated by foreign bankers was secured by Chinese Customs Tariffs, collected at the Customs House, #13 The Bund which was run by a British director. Foreigners on The Bund lived lavishly, but the Chinese government was bankrupt.

As a result, the Chinese government consulted noted economist Professor Edwin Kemmerer and his colleagues at Princeton University who assembled a team of American financial experts to help create solvency. The commission worked at the China Central Bank building, #23, from 1929 to 1930 and came up with a plan to rescue China from its creditors. To reconcile and renegotiate Chinese debt, they recommended linking China’s trade to a new monetary unit called a Customs Gold Unit (CGU). From his offices at #12, Harry negotiated the 1930 contract with the Bank of China for printing the new CGU banknotes. Thereafter, customs duties collected from foreigners at The Custom House  were paid in CGU. The CGU approach worked magnificently to capture the roaring growth that China experienced as it opened to the West. By 1934 the Chinese government was financially solvent. Speaking to the great joys and lavish lifestyle in Shanghai at that time, many of Professor Kemmerer’s financial experts decided to stay on in Shanghai as employees of the Chinese government.

Restoration of The Bund: In the 1990s, China decided to restore The Bund. The highly visible results revive the beautiful art deco styles of the ’30s along with the extraordinarily opulent lifestyle and decadence that was the roaring twenties and lavish thirties in China.

 

Lifestyle: Harry and Selma lived in China for more than 20 years and in Shanghai for 15. They loved the colorful and vibrant culture provided by the country and the ex-pat community. Selma was a first generation Swedish/Norwegian farm girl from the Dakotas who became a brilliant self-taught lawyer in Alaska and adventurous woman traveler. Until we viewed the renovated Bund first hand, it was hard to imagine her stories of life in Shanghai, with its impressive social clubs, lavish dinner parties, private orchestras and horse races; and, of course, the many house-boys and servants it took to operate on that social plateau. Selma wrote: “I know of no place in the world where there was more social life than in the foreign colonies in Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai or Hong Kong. There was something going on every day of the week. I know hostesses who were served breakfasts in bed after husband had gone off to office. These women often told the house-boy that there would be twelve people for dinner. They themselves floated off to a luncheon and card games, arriving home in time to dress for dinner or cocktails.” (Selma Nelson Payne, 1929 letter)

Social status and entertaining, of course, facilitated business dealings. While the ex-pats socialized, China was being destroyed by bitter in-fighting between rival factions in the Guomindang (GMD) government in Nanking; communist rebels in Wuhan; and widespread graft and corruption. Seeing these weakness, it is small wonder that international events were about to overtake The Bund.

War: The roaring ’20s-’30s all came to an abrupt end in the nine month wartime siege of 1937. The east end of The Settlement included the Japanese concession naval yards and anchorage for the Japanese cruiser “Idzumo.” From there it shelled Chinese army positions near The Bund.

Harry wrote: “We reside within half a mile of the western limit of the International Settlement. Thursday night, (August 12^th, 1937), a friend of mine called me up to say that Chinese troops were advancing along Jungjao Road, would probably try to force an entrance to the Settlement as it has always irked them that the Japanese were allowed to use the Settlement as a base of operations and they were not….When I went down to the office Friday morning heavy gun fire could be heard and the report was that advance guards of both armies were engaged just outside the Settlement over in Chapei. There was, of course, much excitement, but in the twenty years I have lived in China, I’ve been through so many wars that I was not unduly alarmed.” (Harry Payne, 1937)

 

Chinese bombs targeting the cruiser Idzumo and the Japanese consulate missed and instead hit the Palace (#19) and Cathay (#20) hotels just down the Bund from my Uncle’s office (#12) and very close to his and Selma’s penthouse residence (#26). Hundreds of civilians lost their lives. Selma wanted to leave China but Harry felt responsibility for the office and thought things would blow over. Harry did agree to move out of the war zone which was now The Bund, to a new home near the race track off Nanjing Road.

That November, facing countrywide advances of the Japanese, the Chinese army withdrew to defend Nanking. Shanghai was left to the imperial Japanese army. Since Japan was not yet at war with the US, Britain or France, the Japanese troops withdrew into the Japanese concession but administered all of The Settlement. With the occupation came monetary restrictions and food shortages. Life in The Settlement became increasingly difficult in 1938-40, but yet more difficulties were soon to come.

 

 

Pearl Harbor for Shanghai: The day after Pearl Harbor Harry wrote: “December 8, 1941. Although the main topic of conversation here for months has been about the probability of war between Japan on the one side and England and America on the other, few of any were prepared for the suddenness with which it came upon us. At about quarter of five this morning Selma wakened me to say there was gun fire down on the river. Flashes could be seen from the guns on the Japanese cruiser Idzumo and shortly after the reflection from a large conflagration up the river which I took to be that of a burning oil tank. News was of course unobtainable at that hour, but later on we received the sketchy information that the Idzumo had destroyed and sunk the British gunboat Petrel and captured the US gunboat Wake…I went down to the office as usual and experienced no difficulty….A little later a squad of Japanese marines took possession of the cable building across the street from my office…It goes without saying that this has been a day of great excitement, but I was surprised to see how calm and collected the great majority were in the face of this catastrophe which has overtaken us.”

In June 1942, some captured American government officials were repatriated by Japan. In August, Harry passed away from a heart attack.  On February 24, 1943, Selma, an American citizen by birth, age 52, was labeled an “Enemy National” and received notice to report to an internment camp in Chapei. Despite severe illness, she survived the war.

The Bund Today: The Bund today appears as opulent as Selma described. The grand neoclassical stone buildings constructed at the turn of the century have elegant lobbies of marble and exotic hardwoods, beautiful mosaics and elaborate frescoes. The Waldorf Astoria hotel, Bund #2, that once housed the Shanghai Club, (the British gentleman’s club where Harry had his lunch), is amazing for its beautiful marble and art deco style. I could imagine Harry standing at the 110-foot long bar in 1928 sipping his gin and tonic and lording the US polo win (8 goals to 5) over Britain in the 1927 International Polo Cup. The Bund #9, housed the offices of Russell & Company which was home to the China Shipping Merchant Company. It was the largest American trading house in China and is probably how Harry shipped his new Cadillac or Buick back to China each year. HSBC is still the tenant at Bund #12.  Today, as in the 1900s, the opulent building stands as a statement to the financial might of HSBC, (but we didn’t see many tellers or clients inside). The Palace Hotel, #19, is now The Fairmont, complete with a classic tearoom and art deco lobby  that is straight out of the 1920s. We had lunch at their cafe.

In the Waldorf Astoria/Shanghai Club, #2, we experienced an elegant tea time in the art deco gallery with by elegant white marble columns, standing on a floor of white marble with black Arts Décoratif marble inlay and by walls of black marble wainscoting. Tea was served, of course, in a genteel 1930s manner complete with Sterling silver tea service. It took us back in time to a lifestyle enabled by vast disparities in wealth and by beliefs in superiority of the white race. When our bill came we were a bit taken aback, but upon reflection, happy that the social stigmas are gone along with the vast disparities in wealth. For us it was an expensive interlude that gave us a small glimpse of the extraordinary lives enjoyed by ex-pats in ’30s Shanghai.

Nanjing Road: Always the shopping road, even in the 1930s, Nanjing Road is now shopping on steroids. In the ’30s the road led from The Bund to the horse races, Polo grounds and train station. Today much of the street is closed to make a huge open-air pedestrian mall composed of an eclectic mix of historic 1900s buildings surrounded by ultra-modern neo-Chinese towers. We made the mistake of walking down Nanjing Road on a Saturday, a shopping day. It seemed all of Shanghai was out for a stroll: families with children in backpacks and strollers, girl friends, young couples – all shopping but  very few signs anyone was buying anything. Smiles on the faces of people coming toward us told a story of contentment. New Mercedes, BMWs, VWs, Audis and Toyotas on the new Shanghai freeways told the same story. China has come a long way in establishing upward mobility for some of its people. Our visits to several stores revealed US prices of women’s and men’s apparel. Since most Chinese earn less than in the US, we saw a lot of heavy looking but less buying.

Tianzifang: We were looking for a more artsy authentic Shanghai shopping experience so we flagged down a taxi and headed out to the 1930s historic French Concession. In Tianzifang, I found my minds-eye-imagination of what I thought shopping would be like in Shanghai. With its narrow winding alleys, art galleries and shops with handmade curios, it wasn’t long before we needed a respite. Seated at the outdoor “Kommune” café, we had a chance to catch our breath and observe the passers-by: Chinese, Australians, Europeans and some Americans. The English speaking waitress and English language menu with burgers and sandwich wraps provided ample evidence this area was an authentic tourist trap- so much for my naive minds-eye-imagination. Despite the obvious warning, I have to admit we enjoyed browsing the small shops filled with local (“Made In China”) crafts. Eventually we succumbed, me for a black sweatshirt with a robotic rooster signifying my “chicken-little” propensity for thinking the sky (stock market) is falling; my wife for a robotic tiger, signifying her indomitable spirit.

Sadly, our time in the amazing modern city of Shanghai was too short and we didn’t have time to explore widely, but fortunately, that means more is left for next time. With nostalgia for life-gone-by satisfied, we too sought to have our pictures taken against the skyline of the emergent city that is today’s modern Shanghai.

Next stop: a Three Gorges Yangtze river tour departing from Chongqing.

IF YOU GO: The Waldorf Astoria (formerly the Shanghai Club #2), Fairmont Peace Hotel (formerly the Palace #19 and Sassoon/Cathay #20 ) are located directly on The Bund. There are a number of hotels located just blocks off The Bund. We stayed at The Hyatt on the Bund. At the top of the Hyatt, The Vue bar, is definitely worth a visit at night. As its name suggests, it has amazing views of Shanghai and especially The Bund. If you’re not a hotel guest, a reservation and cover charge are required. Local Chinese fluent in English are often difficult to find, even in Western hotels, and especially when you need them, so plan ahead.

For more China travel options see our China-Travel page.

For more articles by John see his link.